Adapting adult language and interactions Essay

Explain how adapting adult language and interactions can support a child’s behaviour, emotional, social skills, as well as support their communication development The amount and style of adult talk can greatly influence the environment and how accessible it is to children with speech, language or communication needs. Giving children time to process and understand information, and to respond is crucial. By adapting their use of talk in the setting and in particular their level of language, adults can really enhance their learning development as well as supporting their communication skills. Adults can support this through a number of ways. These include: – Focus on what the child is looking at or doing – Follow their lead/ topic of conversation. Encourage children to talk about their own interests at appropriate times. By acknowledging all efforts at communication it shows that the child is valued. This will help build a positive relationship and support the child’s independence and self-confidence. – Get down to the child’s level – It’s easier to talk if you are face to face. Taking it in turns to communicate so that the adult and the child both get a turn talking, giving choices to increase vocabulary, e.g. apple or orange? Build up your child’s sentences by repeating what they say and adding words. If the child says a word inaccurately, acknowledge what they have said and repeat it back ‘once’ correctly. – Use of rhetorical/ open questions and expanding statements – Making sure you use lots of statements and fewer questions. Scaffolding techniques (whereby keywords and phrases are repeated) – Giving children and young people the time needed to respond and process information – Provide opportunities to communicate. – Work one-to-one or in small groups – Give opportunities that facilitate communication with their peers (since social skills and language are inherently deeply rooted). – Letting children work in pairs to encourage listening to each other. – Circle time can help develop listening skills and  better attention. – Use of shorter sentences. – Support what you say with visual cues, gestures, diagrams etc. – Listen and show interest with eye contact, body language etc. – Give positive feedback.

Political Manifesto

Political Manifesto â€Å"Let the people rule† was the slogan of former United States President and first Democrat of the people of the United States, Andrew Jackson. Democracy was made for the people, but not many Americans know a lot about the political party they support and what it does to help them. First I’m going to discuss some of the issues like gun control, Health care and the environment and also a brief history of the Democratic Party.Next I will tell you about a few leaders that not only influenced my following of the Democratic Party, but also supported a lot of the same views and morals I follow every day. And finally I will discuss some of the social movements like, the Students for a Democratic Society, which affected Democratic students around the United States. The Democratic Party was formed from Anti-Federalist factions that were against fiscal policies in the 1790s and was then founded in the modern era in 1828 and led by Andrew Jackson.The party h as the lengthiest record of continuous operation in the  United States and is among the oldest political parties in the world. (Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. , Democratic Party) The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United states along with the Republican Party and current President of the United States Barack Obama is the 15th Democrat to hold the office of the Presidency. (â€Å"American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Ret-Jan 12, 2009) There are a lot of issues in our society that Democrats are trying to take care of as well, such as the environment.Many Democrats believe that the government should protect the environment by favoring expansion of conservation lands and exploring new means of alternative energy sources. The Democratic Party also encourages open space and rail travel to relieve highway and airport congestion and improve air quality and economy. Another issue that is taking a toll on Democrats today is health care re form. Democrats call for affordable and quality health care and many advocate an expansion of government intervention in this area.More Democrats favor national health insurance or universal health care in a variety of forms to address the rising cost of modern health insurance. The Progressive Democrats of America, a group operating inside the Democratic Party, Has made single-payer universal health care one of their primary policy goals. (â€Å"Progressive Democrats of America-Priorities (Health Care for All)† Pdamerica. Org, ret-2010-06-07) Now when we talk about the issue of gun control, that can be a touchy subject with certain people Democrat or not.With a stated goal of reducing crime and homicide, the Democratic Party has introduced various gun control measures. Some Democrats, especially rural, Southern, and Western Democrats, favor fewer restrictions on firearm possession and warned the party was defeated 2000 presidential election in rural areas because of the issu e. (Abramsky, Sasha (2005-04-18). â€Å"Democrat Killer? † the Nation. Retrieved 2006-10-10) Many men in the history of the Democratic Party have influenced the way many of us live today.A few of these men, like Andrew Jackson, who was the first President of the United States that was a Democrat, helped shaped the party for future Americans. Andrew Jackson’s followers went on to create modern Democratic Party. The period during which this happened, 1830-1850, became later known as the era of Jacksonian Democracy (Wilentz, Sean. â€Å"Andrew Jackson† (2005), p. 2, 35) I believe Andrew Jackson was a great Democratic figure because of his appeal to the common citizen and how he supported states and federal rights.Franklin D. Roosevelt was also a key Democrat in American history. His efforts as President of the United States were very crucial in helping the society grip together during very enduring times. He was a dominant leader of the Democratic Party and was the only American president elected more than two terms. He built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American politics after 1932, as his domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th Century. In 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the G. I.Bill-a historic measure that provided unprecedented benefits for soldiers returning from World War II, including low-cost mortgages, loans to start a business, and tuition and living expenses for those seeking a higher education. And our current President of the United States Barack Obama is also a Democrat who was involved in many economic issues in America at the time of his inauguration. Mainly I choose to support Barack Obama because he was my former Commander in Chief, but also because of his involvement in foreign policy with enacting the draw-down of troops from Iraq in December 2010.During its tenured history in America, the Democratic Party has seen its share of social movements, mainly of the few is Environm entalism. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the environment. It advocates the preservation of the natural environment, and may be referred to as a movement to control pollution. (Environmentalism Definition; Merriam-webster. com. 2010-08-13. Retrieved 2012-06-20) Also having a big effect on Democratic students in America was the Students for a Democratic Society.This group was a student activist movement in the United States that developed and expanded rapidly during the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969. The group centered mainly on the issues of direct action and student power within the nation. In the early 2000s the 9/11 Trust movement is ongoing and many conspiracy theories have surfaced during this time as well. These social movements were such an integral part of our history and in some way had an effect on our nation, no matter how little the issue may h ave seemed.Picking the Democratic Party says a lot about a person and the morals they abide by. Aside from being one of the oldest political parties in the world, the Democratic Party has lots of issues that have affected the way they live their lives, like gun control across our nation, reform of a new nationwide healthcare plan and the effect we are having on our environment and what we can do to improve and/or preserve its current conditions not only across our country but around the world as well.There were many big political figures like former United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the current and 44th President of the United States Barack Obama and the first Democratic President of the United States, Andrew Jackson, that helped not only influence my choice in the Democratic Party, but also in the way America was shaped.Beyond the many figures that paved the way for Democracy to flourish in America, we had lots of social movements that also added to the way people live . Environmentalist movement, the 9/11 truth movement and the Students for a Democratic Society are just a few of the social movements that played a role in not just the Democratic Party, but the history of our great nation, the United States of America.

Responsible Social Networking on Campus

Responsible Social Networking Campus gossip websites were ideally intended to be used as a way to communicate with students and engage with peers in useful ways. I feel that campus gossip websites are being used unethically. Currently, Campus gossip websites are just now being utilized to start rumors and anonymously publicly bash fellow students without ramifications from school and related officials. In turn, the students have gone to new extremes with malicious comments towards fellow peers and in some cases, causing physical and emotional damage with no clarity on who all should be held liable.A waste of time and energy is spent by students anonymously involving themselves in these gossip websites who knowingly hold such power to destroy a fellow peer and yet people still use them in all the wrong ways. It is completely unethical to post a rumor about another individual on a campus gossip website. There are standards that every person should hold themselves to and in return be ab le to treat one another as you would like to be treated. College should not be a place where students are more concerned about social statuses and stressed about being publicly humiliated by peers because of one person’s post on a campus gossip website.Cruel, hurtful comments tend to follow, making campus life for the targeted individual agonizing. Ethical conduct should be carried out day to day, through out every aspect, even when socially it can be easy to stray if you are constantly subjected or surrounded around peers who chose not to. It still gives no excuse to contribute to gossips websites. It’s simple, know right from wrong and conduct yourself in that manner, posting rumors on gossip websites results in nothing but unethical. If I were to read about myself in a posting on a gossip site of course, I would first feel the need to defend myself.Depending on the severity of the information that was posted, I know my first thought would be who did this and what th is person’s intent behind doing so. The thought of having someone have such a negative opinion about you is very depressing. Everyone always wants nothing but positive things to be said when your name is mentioned. My train of thought would be to fight back, say something in response to let this person and everyone else know that what’s being said is nothing but someone’s personal attack for some unknown reason to publicly degrade me.My actions, on the other hand, would not reflect any of that. I have been in situations where I have read some harsh critics opinions and peers personal thoughts of what they thought of me and/or current status socially and acted on my first defensive thought strategy. The result never ended where my first intentions wanted to. Looking back after taking the time to calm down, reading both of our comments, I realized that I made myself look just as unethical as the person posting about me. I was getting drawn in, feeling like I had t o respond back by using personal attacks to feel justified.Not responding and by not contributing in any form is what needed to be done. Of course, my feelings would be dishearten but overall I would know what I did was right by not having to be unethical as a form to feeling justified to prove them wrong. As of right now, schools administrators and even federal law cannot fully regulate or hold certain parties responsible who are at fault for these campus gossip websites. Ethically, of course this is not right. We are taught as children, that there are consequences for our bad choices.There are laws that we are to follow and if we do not, you will be held accountable and punished. So how is it that so many people have been hurt and suffered some mental distress and in some cases unfortunately, physical harm and damage? As discussed in* a case raised question whether colleges should be obligated to intervene when one of their students are targeted on a gossip website. A very concern ed mother addressed an issue with the Dean at the University where her daughter attended because some explicit names where posted on a campus gossip website under her name.After the Mother was told nothing could be done by the University to block or remove the comments, she then decided to file a complaint with the U. S Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights stating the University was required to take action under Title IX, Federal Gender-Equity Law arguing that it interfered with her daughter’s ability to learn. After they reviewed the case, they ruled that because the comments were posted anonymously and not able to be proved students, and because the Mother did not identify her daughter by name to the University so they could properly investigate further, nothing was done.Certain steps needed to be followed like the daughter reporting the conduct to the campus police. Her representation stated it was not all a loss. The Department’s willingness to consider the complaint means that gossip websites fall under Title IX guidelines meaning in turn, more questions would have to be answered and hopefully, long term, Law and Regulations can be better stated and put into place. * Something needs to be done to hold certain parties responsible. So it is unethical that nothing is being done to stop this ongoing issue that has hindered many students.Sadly enough, cyber bullying and gossip websites has become severe enough to be lead to rape, murder and suicides. As talked about in*(http://topics. nytimes. com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/tyler_clementi/index. html) a Rutgers University freshman Tyler Clementi committed suicide after his roommate decided to live stream his intimate encounter broadcasting on twitter encouraging to watch and revealing to everyone that he was gay. He then was ridiculed as he turned into the dorm’s gossip.Tyler, a very quiet, reserved young man never spoke of his sexual orientation so you can imag ine the extreme distress and humiliation that followed and unfortunately, 3 days later he decided to jump off the George Washington Bridge into the Hudson River in an apparent suicide. There were 2 people charged in this case and in my own personal opinion, lightly and not even in relation to the suicide but more along the lines invasion of privacy. The case questioned Hate crime due to the sexual orientation and his roommate exploiting Tyler, prosecutors stating that his roommate was homophobic.There are many more cases like this maybe some not as extreme but how is it that people are getting no ramifications, no punishment what so ever for their mean attempt to harass, mortify and viciously attack peers leading to crimes in due result of anonymously posting on a gossip website. In this case Tyler’s was documented and more publicly noted by his roommate making charges easier but still not enough in regards to cyber bullying and being held accountable and who all should be pu nished.Responsibility to crimes in due result of a posting on a gossip website first and foremost the person responsible doing the act needs to be held accountable, the victims school if proper steps were not taken by the victim to notify proper officials to try to prevent the crime, and the website host should also be held accountable for letting people post such things that could in turn, lead to something as severe as a crime as a result of. Postings should be monitored and everyone should be under certain guidelines for this reason of crimes taking place.As Technology advances, we have to be constantly changing, learning and adapting to be able to communicate anywhere we go. To be able to attend College, it is almost impossible to be able to be successful without a computer, cell phone and internet. Having such access to information, constantly online talking with peers and other social outlets has become the majority of communication. In today’s culture, people spend mor e time on a computer than anything else and as technology advances, everyone feels urged to keep up with it due to its improvements to make day to day tasks as simple as possible, instant gratification to any task at hand.This influences our culture in many ways but in the case of how it affects the overall scheme of campus gossip websites, you can only imagine how easy it is to access this information and how easy it is instantly post. I think technology advances are meant for much more then to able to get on Facebook and post what you had for lunch but having such easy access to this gives campus peers way to gossip more freely. Word of mouth takes much longer as to posting online where you know it’s going to be seen in a matter of seconds. In conclusion, campus gossip websites are unethical.Posting rumors, spreading lies regardless of your personal opinion about someone, in no way shape or form, is going to accomplish anything positive for either person involved. Having to find any information about yourself is upsetting enough but to have to deal with it on a daily basis where more concern should be about education, not about being ridiculed or embarrassed by what someone post stated. Standards and laws need to be put in place to better protect students from being put in the situation where cyber bullying and posting anonymously goes unpunished by holding schools, the posting party and web host.

Questions and Answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions and Answers - Assignment Example He was responsible for coming up with designs of his products and with his market experience; he produced exactly what the customers wanted. He was passionate about satisfying his customers, and this made the business grow very fast. He employed people to do the actual production, and he spent much time developing new designs. With plenty of time to develop new designs, the firm was able to come up with a variety of designs to satisfy the market. The appearance of his shop also contributed to the success of his business. He ensured that the room was decorated with his products. The decoration produced an ambiance that caught the eye of the customers. The employees dressing were a crucial factor in promoting purchases. The employees’ dressing was elegant, and they wore the jewelry that was sold in the shop. He also developed a section to sell accessories such as ties and umbrellas that were decorated in the business colors and hence drew more customers to the business. He had a desire to increase his sales and expand his market share. However, it was quite challenging since all markets were unique (Martincich Retrieved from http://protectedpdf.iese.edu/descargas/M-663-E-1101156.pdf). The attempt to export jewelry to Geneva proved to be very challenging. A former employee had started producing similar products and selling them without his consent. He had a lot of emphasis on having stalls selling his products only as an attempt to reduce the copying of his designs. He did not perform a deep market research in Geneva and hence had no insight on the market. After his failure in Geneva, he decided to engage a marketer who would sell his products in other countries. He hoped that a good marketer who understood the market would provide a good link to many customers in other countries. However, he remained rigid on maintaining the prestige and

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 6

Business - Essay Example There are certain challenges in this industry, it needs to be identified, evaluated, and alternatives should be developed accordingly. It is also recommended that Mike should have a dedicated and expert team of professionals which would comprise of the perfect blend of youth and experience with the right attitude and talent. The business that has been purchased by Mike is situated at Sunnydale, Illinois, a mid-sized city with a busy downtown business district and a large university. In the same area of the city, another shop also thrives, named Queequeg’s Coffee. It is a large national chain of coffee. The biggest competitor for Mike is expected to be this coffee chain. The Sunnydale falls within the periphery of the California Rules and Regulations Act. The business setup needs to follow this act for its successful operations. Since, Mike is going to take over the business; he needs to comply with certain general issues regarding the business rules and regulation of the locality. The general query would be of identifying the business that he is taking up, is complying with the legal regulations or not. It is also to be seen if the business is driven by the benefit of the enforcement of the regulation. Mike needs to find out the tenure of the business and that of the license and their compliance with the regulations of the local authority. The tax provision should also be considered before going in with the business. It needs to find out from the tax authority, the tax related to the income of the business and other relevant taxes like water tax, local taxes that are compiled with the regulations. Any outstanding amount regarding the payment of the tax is due or not is to be verified and if so the period and the amount should be calculated. The next important issue is that of the location and the tenure of ownership. It must be checked if

Art and gender assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art and gender assignment - Essay Example Women are the objects that are looked† (Finzsch). In Mulvey’s male gaze, the male’s patriarchal role is extended to the film where the male imposes a hegemonic gaze to the women as mere objects of desire. Thus, it produces an imbalance relationship as women are reduced to an object of two distinct modes of male gaze where they became Madonna’s in male perspective (voyeuristic) or whores (fetishistic). In her work, viewers tend to identify with the protagonist of the film who is typically a male and thus, the perspective conveyed by the film is that of a man and it follows that women will be looked upon as an object of desire. Another view that I would like to point out about gaze in art that breeds oppression is the binary and heterosexual nature of gender orientation of gaze which alienates sexual orientation that is not heterosexual. By defining sexual desirability to merely exist between men and women as often observed in gazes in art, it unconsciously negated the existence of other sexual orientation and sense of desirability other than heterosexual relationship and thus, the assertion itself produced another type of oppression – that is, discrimination against heterosexual orientation and their preferences. Good artworks are not only in museums. They can also be found in other places and the experience is just as exhilarating as going to a museum. Art after all are not created just be placed in museums and galleries but to be appreciated and to bring joy and uplift its audience. Thus, I would like to discuss about graffiti or murals painted on the many walls of San Francisco, California. It is painted on a brick or wooden wall by combination of spray and brushed paint. There may be people who would disagree in this in art form calling it as vandalism but for me, its art and it reflects my state of feeling. I would rather call it as urban painting rather vandalism that instead of using canvass shown in the restrictive

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example Whereas Douglass addresses the mass audience, comprising people from all walks of life, on the US Independence ceremony, Langston’s audience comprises of people who were mentally prepare to judge Langston’s words from a legal as well as a humanitarian vantage point. Indeed Douglass’s audiences were less prone to embrace legal argument than Langston’s audiences are. Therefore these two men’s rhetoric strategies are also different from each other. Necessarily Douglass has to make his speech comprehensible by making it elaborative and embellishing it with emotional tropes, whereas Langston’s speech appears to be substantive and fraught with poetic imageries, rhetoric devices, especially prepared for an audience of reasoning intellect. Before an audience which largely comprises white people, both Langston and Douglass have to associate the African American with religious, more specifically with Christian, sentiment in order to draw their sympathy . Both of these two speakers have done so by using the rhetoric device of metonymy. While Douglass addresses his people as the â€Å"emancipated people of God† (321), Langston describes the ability of the emancipated slaves to escape as something â€Å"God-given powers† (Langston, 1859, p 233). ... Another two mentionable metonymies used by Langston and Douglass are respectively â€Å"colored people† and â€Å"colored brethren†. Out of a number of parallelisms used in Douglass’s speech a remarkable one is: â€Å"It [Independence Day] carries your minds back to the day, and to the act of your great deliverance; and to the signs, and to the wonders, associated with that act, and that day† (Douglass, 1852, p 321). In this sentence, Douglass describes the recalling functions of the Independence Days in a series of related infinitive phrases. But a more striking parallelism occurs in the preceding sentence: â€Å"[Independence], to you, is what the Passover was to the emancipated people of God.† (Douglass, 1852, p 321) In this line, he draws a parallel between â€Å"the 4th July† and the â€Å"Passover†. Similarly â€Å"In Address to the Court† Langston uses another parallelism to expose the invalidity of the â€Å"Fugitive of Slave Law†. He says, â€Å"The [Fugitive Slave Law] under which I am arraigned is an unjust one, one made to crush the colored man, and one that outrages every feeling of Humanity, as well as every rule of Right.† (Langston, 1859, p 234) In opposition to the ‘Fugitive Slave Law’, Langston is quite successful to depict the African American, as a people struggling for their liberty, through the use of another parallelism: â€Å"And there were others who had become free†¦Ã¢â‚¬Ëœby escaping†¦eluding the blood-thirsty patrols†¦outrunning bloodhounds and horses, swimming rivers and fording swamps, and reaching at last†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Langston, 1859, p 233) Meanwhile in the same sentence, he refers to the self-contradiction of the freedom of the slave, enacted by the 13th Amendment, through the use of irony. Indeed the Fugitive Slave Law was

Developing Professional Practice for a Student Essay

Developing Professional Practice for a Student - Essay Example Effective professional practice makes the difference between competency and incompetency. Throughout the unit, I have leaned the effect of acquiring best practice since during internships I would find communication and interaction with fellow staffs easy and cordial. This would not have been so if I had not gone through the unit. Effective professional practice is intense to permit students and others to develop new skills and knowledge essential in their professional practice. Professional skills The unit has equipped me with numerous skills regarding professionalism. Time management is one of the skills learned; time is an essential part of individual and its management practice distinguishes the rich and poor. I need to be wealthy in knowledge and material thus time management is an essential skill that the unit has endowed. Currently and in future time management help and will help me deliver my duties promptly and become a role model to others. Communication and interpersonal sk ills are professional knowledge and skills acquired. Communication is essential and it gives a significant impact if done professionally (Morrison, 1993). The communication skills vary from the body language, intonation and words used. The best mode of communication attraction is the first impression; within seconds of interaction people form their opinion and if my dressing is not presentable my wording and intonation would not impress them. The formal and informal communication category assists in interaction with other people such as fellow staffs, patients or clients, and management. This skill that assists me to treat people as individuals thus ensuring interpersonal rapport is maintained. The skills can assist me in the future to attract and retain clients when I start my own business and also interact with employees professionally. Further training and practice of the skills can assist to add more value to what I have learned. Teamwork is another professional skill learned. A ny profession requires teamwork spirit to make work easy and also to encourage different experts to pull together in achieving organizational objectives. These skills help me appreciate individuals with their capacity and contribution. The future is brighter with this kind of skills put into practice I can manage bigger human resource capacity. It is essential to be a team player to make effective manager or a leader in an organization. With practice and involving my role models, I can add value to skills acquired and be better. Behavioral characteristics of the successful professional skills and presentation skills are additional professional knowledge acquired in this unit. Professional skills are pillars of my professional growth and development (Karten, 2010). Practice and training are additional activities to assist in perfecting the skills acquired and remain relevant. Knowledge development Knowledge gathered from this unit is that attitude, hard work, good communication, pres entation, dedication, and devotion are professionalism values that I have to keep throughout my career development. Maintaining ethics is an essential matter in professional development since it builds a reputation and assists one earns the trust of others (Eraut, 2003). I have learned trust is essential in financial matters and going through the unit this cannot be over-emphasized.  

Marble Cinery Urn Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marble Cinery Urn - Term Paper Example The major theme of the art on the cinery urn is spoils of a war. It is a striking rectilinear box covered with aspects of war like weapon armor, piles of trophies, carriages, and clubs. The fragmentary nature of the marble cinery urn makes it more captivating. The panels making the piece are of high quality, identifying the urn as a unique commission. Other available urns are baskets and vases which make this type of earn unique. The name of the deceased was inscribed on the front but the writing is missing. The marble cinery urn was excavated in south East Rome in a tomb in Anagni in the year 1899. The craftsmanship and the iconography of the art identify it as sarcophagi of the mid imperial period. (metmuseum.org, n.p) A commemorative urn shows the existence of loyalty, love and the beauty of ancient culture. Social messages to the deceased were easily put across using the urns and other portraits. There are other types of urns each with different purposes and cultural meaning. Ancient Romans could choose between burying their dead or cremating them, the choice was left for the family to decide. Cremation was more prevalent in this time since the burying was more foreign before the second century AD. This practice of cremation is evident in their art. Images and the themes of the dead and those mourning were common in the poetry. The urns were used to store the ashes of the dead after cremation. The marble cinery urn described above was probably used to store a victim of war that is why the urn has the weaponry engraved on the outer surface of the urn. The urns containing the ashes were placed in underground chambers or tombs with each individual urn having its own space. The chambers were personal properties or collective burial grounds. There was mass production of the urns but each urn was personalized that is why each urn is different from the other. Traditionally a final sigh signaled the death of a person. The relatives of the deceased would surround the death bed chanting his or her name. Calling of the name would be done continuously to ensure that the deceased had really died and for the burial process to officially start. People believed that this practice was equating breathe and the soul. A close relative would give a deceased a last kiss to catch the soul. The deceased eyes were also closed. Much weight was given to last words of a dying person (Hope, 168). Bodies were removed from the death beds placed on their knees for some time and then placed on the ground for the female relatives to clean it. Wrapping corpses with a black cloth or a white toga signaled the start of the wake. All honors the deceased had achieved in life were placed on the deceased and two cy press branches were planted on the entrance of the home. This was to show that there was a corpse in that specific house. Bodies were placed on a funeral beds in the residence, where people gave their last respects. To indicate a peaceful death the deceased feet were placed facing the door (Hope and Marshall ,34) . Funerary practices had long standing traditions referred to as mos maiorum drawn from Roman traditions and religion. It was one of the means through which cultural and family heritage was preserved and celebrated. Funeral processions (pompa) were made public with professional mourners being part of it. Wealthy families acquired actors who would dance in a satirical way to scare away evil spirits. Mimicking the lifestyle and speech of the deceased was done by the actors. Wax masks were worn by those representing the family’s ancestors who were prominent. Songs, hymns and other chants

The Synthesis of Sulfanilamide Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Synthesis of Sulfanilamide - Lab Report Example Sulfanilamide (which is also known as 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide) is a sulfonamide antibacterial. It belongs to a group of chemotherapeutic agents called sulfa drugs which were discovered in the 1930s. It has a molecular formula of C6H8N2O2S and molecular weight of 172.2049. It contains the sulfonamide functional group that is attached to aniline chemically. It functions by inhibiting competitively enzymatic reactions which involves para - aminobenzoic acid. When it is administered, it facilitates the dying of micro-organisms since the micro-organism are unable to make folic acid which is essential in cell division (TEBBUTT, Peter, 1998). It was the first drugs used successfully to combat diseases such as pneumonia, blood poisoning and meningitis. 2.5 ml of 0.1 Ml NaOH is added to the glass wall and 1.8 grams of acetanilide is placed in a dry 50ml Erlenmeyer flask. The acetanilide is melted by heating it gently with a Bunsen burner after which the flask is allowed to cool in the ice bath. In the hood, 5ml of chrolosulfonic acid is transferred to acetanilide and the flask is attached to the apparatus. After ten minutes, the flask is removed and heated in the additional 10 minutes in a hot water bath that is at a temperature of 70oC to facilitate completion of the reaction. Afterwards, 30 grams of crushed ice are then added to the 250 ml beaker and the mixture transferred using a pipette (while stirring the mixture) onto the ice. The flask is then rinsed using 5ml cold water and then transferred to the beaker containing the ice resulting in the formation of a precipitate. The precipitate is then stirred to facilitate the breakage of bigger lumps. The beaker and the flask are rinsed using ice water. In the hood, a water bath is prepared in the 250 ml beaker at a temperature of 70oC after which the crude is then placed into the Erlenmeyer flask.

Cultural Event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Event - Essay Example t in the modern world is the festival stands for reaffirmation of hope, religious tolerance, a renewed commitment to friendship, spreading the word of peace and harmony and above all, celebration of â€Å"simple joys of life†. For many Hindus, Diwali is also the New Year’s Eve and it is held on the final day of the Vikram calendar, a type of Hindu calendar followed by Indians from the Northern part of the country. The day after Diwali is known as Annakut and it is considered as New Year’s Day for Hindus living in the Northern part of India (Diwali Festival 498). Diwali is always in October and November on the Gregorian calendar (Hindu Council of Australia para 2-6). The festival is accompanied by various rituals with the choice of ritual to be performed by an individual depending on the location of that particular person. However, lighting of candles, electric lights and fireworks is the most common practice for many Indians when they are celebrating Diwali festival. As the name suggests, ‘rows of lights’ are lit in the new moon night as a way of welcoming Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and on Bengal, to honor the goddess Kali who is so honored (Hindu Council of Australia para 2 -6). In other words, Diwali is celebrated at night more than during the day. Indians attribute much value to the Diwali symbols since they consider them to bring forth the significance of Diwali. The symbols stand for happiness and prosperity which is celebrated with great zest and enthusiasm because Diwali many Hindus associate the festival with prosperity and wealth (Anon para3-9). Lord Ganesha and Goddess Lakshmi are the most important symbols of Diwali and people literally worship them on this special day. Lord Ganesha represents good luck whereas Goddess Lakshmi is believed to be the Mother of Wealth. Other common symbols include Earthenware, lamp fireworks, candles, Diwali diyas, fireworks and oil Diwali lamps just to mention a few. During this ramrkable day, people share

Pick n Pays Essay Example for Free

Pick n Pays Essay What is your strategy to reverse Pick n Pays loss of market share? Pick n Pay lost market share in part because it opened materially less space than some of its major competitors. A significant proportion of its capex was invested in supply chain technology infrastructure in recent years, which by its nature doesnt drive sales compared to stores. Our capital focus is now on new stores and refurbishment, which will drive sales and, in time, profitability. Over the past year we have refreshed, without substantively altering our strategy. Our overarching ambition is for the Group to become the â€Å"Retailer of choice for all South Africans†. This builds on Pick n Pay and Boxer’s brand strength and strong store portfolio. Importantly this refreshed strategy does not represent a major departure from the strategy that has been followed for the past five years. We have seven themes geared to ensure that the business can grow sustainably and profitably. There is a balance of growth-driven priorities, focusing on space, customer, franchise and product, and those largely focused on improving efficiency such as replenishment and store operations. The â€Å"One Pick n Pay† initiative ties these together to ensure that the business works well as a unified whole. Strategic priority: Grow selling space ahead of the market There is substantial competition for retail space both within South Africa and in other African markets. Ensuring that Pick n Pay increases its overall share of trading space over the long term is an important strategic priority. Over the past three years our space growth has lagged that of our competition particularly into the faster growing lower income areas and small stores. This not only directly reduces our market share but also puts pressure on like-for-like sales growth. We will continue to develop store formats and channels that meet customers’ changing needs both in Pick n Pay and Boxer, in South Africa and beyond. Additionally we continue to build a pipeline of new sites, whether greenfield or through acquisition that will ensure we meet our aspirations. Strategic priority: Build deep customer relationships The launch of our customer rewards programme Smartshopper gives us a  significant opportunity to get to know our customers’ shopping habits and preferences substantially better than we do today. Since its launch in March 2011 the programme has been a great success. After just one year we now have over five million active cardholders, exceeding our initial target by two million. This enables us not only to know and understand each customer a great deal better, but to communicate with our customers in a different and more engaging manner. We have direct access to the vast majority of Smartshopper customers by either sms or email, which means that we can send targeted marketing communications directly to them. We can also ask for feedback directly from them. All of this translates into a very valuable two-way dialogue with our customers. As a result we are designing and executing marketing campaigns which are more relevant to our customers. We are extracting insights from their shopping habits data in order to tailor our product ranges and more accurately serve them. All of this will assist us in growing our sales volumes significantly. Strategic priority: Revolutionise Pick n Pay’s product offer During the past 12 months we have invested considerable time and resources in building a single specialised category buying division. Prior to the establishment of this division, Pick n Pay’s sourcing activities were distributed across the operating regions. This led to fragmentation of the Group’s buying scale, with each buyer having a wide range of products to source. Our new specialised category buying division is made up of category teams each of which is responsible for the end-to-end profitability of a specific product category. They are tasked with developing a product range that meets all customer needs, sourcing those products at the lowest possible cost, constructing shelf layouts that help customers find what they are looking for easily, building a promotional plan that generates customer excitement, increased volumes and higher margins, and ensuring that Pick n Pay’s prices remain hig hly competitive. Included in their responsibilities is the task of improving our Pick n Pay branded offer.

Consequences of Smoking

Consequences of Smoking For quite a long time, the utilization of tobacco has been acknowledged. Tobacco plants have been developed in the U.S. in seventeenth century and tobacco has been utilized as a part of different structures from that point forward. In 1865, an individual who is called Washington Duke in North Carolina has begun to move cigarette and exchange it for money. In 1883, a man named James Bonsack designed the machine that can roll the cigarette and production of thousand of cigarettes every day. In this way, as indicated by WHO, there are 20% of the worlds populace are utilizing tobacco. On the off chance that including the individuals who smoke inactively, that number can go up to half (A Complete Social History of Cigarettes). Smoking is destructive to wellbeing is the message which is imprinted on all tobacco items. The fact of the matter is everyone knows except very nearly of them disregards and has straightforward musings about the damage. Circumstance Every day, more than 3,200 individuals under 18 smoke their first cigarette, and roughly 2,100 young people and youthful grown-ups get to be day by day smokers. There are 9 of 10 smokers begin before the age of 18, and 98% begin smoking by age 26. 1 in 5 grown-ups and teens smoke. In 2011, an expected 19% of U.S. grown-ups were cigarette smoker. Roughly 18% of secondary school understudies smoke cigarettes. In 2011, almost 18% of secondary school young men were current cigarette clients. (Tobacco Facts and Figures, 2014). The world has around 1.3 billion individuals use cigarettes, of which the Asia-Pacific district has high rates of cigarette utilization. Asia has 3 out of 5 nations have high rates of cigarette utilization on the planet that is China, Japan and Indonesia. Cigarette utilization has had a tendency to expand, have a tendency to lessening in created nations however expanded in the creating nations. As indicated by appraisals from the review of smoking in grown-ups (from 16 years) in Vietnam (GATS 2010), the rate of smoking among men is 47.4%, in ladies is 1.4%, a sum of more than 15 million grown-ups right now smoke. Individuals on the planet start smoking cigarette on account of various reasons. They are presumably that individuals are focused on or they need to focus on their work or another smoke due to their relative and their companions. Issues Through examination shows tobacco utilization has noteworthy ramifications to the wellbeing, financial advancement, and also the quantity of other social effects. In term of wellbeing issues, cigarette utilization lessens the status of wellbeing, abbreviate lifetime, and reasons the quantity of ailments even sudden passing. As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cigarette smoking results in more than 480,000 unexpected losses in the United States every year—around 1 in every 5 U.S. passings and an extra 16 million individuals endure with a genuine sickness created by smoking.(Drug realities: Cigarettes and other Tobacco items, 2014). Reason of this result is that cigarettes contain more than 7,000 chemicals, 250 of which are unsafe to both smokers and uninvolved smokers. They are Arsenic, Benzene, Vinyl chloride, Formaldehyde, Toluene. Particularly, it additionally contains Nicotine which is the addictive synthetic. (2011) The body is canny. It goes on the safeguard response when it is being harmed. At the point when smokers utilize the cigarette shockingly, they feel hurt or blazing in the throat, lungs, another get debilitated or even they hurl the initial couple of times they attempt to smoke. Results of this hurting happen dynamically. Over the long term, smoking leads people to make wellbeing issues like coronary sickness, stroke, emphysema (breakdown of lung tissue), and various sorts of development — including lung, throat, stomach, and bladder infection. People who smoke similarly have an extended risk of defilements like bronchitis and pneumonia. These sicknesses limit a singulars ability to be routinely dynamic, and they can be deadly. In the United States, smoking is accountable for around 1 out of 5 perishes. Smokers dont simply make wrinkles and yellow teeth. They similarly lose bone thickness, which fabricates their risk of osteoporosis, a condition that causes more settled people to wind up bent over and their bones to break more easily. Smokers furthermore tend to be less dynamic than nonsmokers in light of the way that smoking impacts lung power. Smoking can likewise cause readiness issues and can influence sexual wellbeing in both men and women. Young women who are on the pill or other hormone-based frameworks for hostile to origination medicine (like the patch or the ring) forms their risk of honest to goodness wellbeing issues, for instance, heart attacks, if they smoke. The consequence of smoking may give off an impression of being far away, however long term wellbeing issues arent the fundamental threat of smoking. Nicotine and substitute toxic substances in cigarettes, stogies, and channels can impact a singulars body quickly, which infers that teen smokers encounter a strong bit of a few issues. Since smoking can decrease the flood of veins, it can keep oxygen and supplements from getting to the skin — which is the reason smokers frequently appear to be pale and undesirable. Studies have furthermore joined with smoking to an extended threat of getting a kind of skin rash called psoriasis. Cigarettes leave smokers with a condition called halitosis, or persisting unpleasant breath. Studies exhibit that smokers get more colds, flu, bronchitis, and pneumonia than nonsmokers. In addition people with certain wellbeing conditions, in the same path as asthma, get the chance to be more crippled in case they smoke (and routinely on the off chance th at theyre just around people who smoke). Since young people who smoke as a way to deal with supervise weight frequently light up rather than devouring, their bodies moreover neglect to offer the supplements they need to create, make, and fight off infection suitably. (Dowshen, 2013) Arrangements Cigarette reasons fluctuated unsafe to people. Subsequently, a few answers for forestalling individuals utilization in cigarettes are important to upgrade the standard of life. Firstly, the administration ought to recommend the smoking ranges, for example, medicinal offices, schools, work environment, indoor, indoor open spots and on open transport. The disallowance of smoking (open spots, work environments and on open transport) has put forward in the International Convention- Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (composing as the FCTC) by the WHO launch, and this tradition was for more than 174 nations sanction. Concerning the opportunity of smokers, they can smoke in the zone not managed or outside where their smoking demonstrations dont imperil the wellbeing of other individuals. The non-smoking individuals have the privilege to inhale natural air unpolluted by tobacco smoke inactively. Furthermore, procurements in the wellbeing notices with pictures on the bundling of tobacco items. The wellbeing cautioning printed photographs to guarantee the privileges of shoppers are mindful of the data about of the items they utilize, the results on the wellbeing dangers and addictive properties, muscle maladies, passings from the utilization of cigarettes. The WHO ponder in 2006 demonstrated the wellbeing cautioning printed photographs will cause stay away from around 300 to 700 unexpected losses every year in decades. Contingent upon studies on the expense productivity of the Institute of wellbeing approach technique indicated over, the wellbeing cautioning printed photographs in Vietnam would have the most minimal expenses in the measures for anticipation of the hurtful impacts of cigarettes. Around the world, the quantity of nations in notice the photographs is on the ascent. There are 42 nations have done. Nonetheless, this arrangement likewise has a deterrent. A few indiv iduals dont say about this notice. Finally, expanding tobacco assessment can be viewed as the ideal decision to put weight on tobacco items. This arrangement strengths smokers to give more cash to buy drugs. At the point when a lot of cash, the medication ought to lessen the measure of tobacco devoured all the while some would consider stopping. Additionally, smokers will feel in control of the smoke. In the meantime the tobacco organizations would be influenced contrarily prompts diminished creation of tobacco. In light of viewpoints, for example, the attainability, adequacy testing, human rights, monetary, expense expand measures are viewed as most suitable for a circuitous effect on the destructive impacts of tobacco to individuals. As far as money, expanding tobacco charges are viewed as a twofold hit the target. Tobacco expenses supplement a lot of cash in the state plan while diminishing offers of tobacco organizations will keep the development of these organizations. The measure of smoking for smokers will be moved to interest in instruction and wellbeing issues of relatives lead to enhancing personal satisfaction as a rule and other supportive administrations. This likewise adds to build vocation opportunities and enhance the economy of the nation. Proof is that tobacco charge income administration of Thailand more than 3 times from around 512 million US dollars in 1992 expanded to more than $ 1.7 billion in 2010. Wellbeing insurance agencies utilize the additional measure of cash that needs spending bill cure lung tumor, prompting lessened speculation to empower the economy. As per the World Bank, the normal expense increment to the cost of cigarettes expanded by 10%, the utilization will increment from 4% to 8%. Besides, individuals who quit implies that there are more than 5 individuals are not uninvolved smokers. The wellbeing of the group is secured in a reasonable manner. Proficiency expands exponentially making awesome point of interest the answer for raise charges. Conclusion In synopsis, cigarettes are bringing on a huge number of diseases. Halting smoking at any age and at whatever point is helpful. Ceasing smoking gives your body a chance to patch the damage brought on by smoking.

Promoting Green Technology Innovation

Promoting Green Technology Innovation The human impact onto the global equilibrium has been proved scientifically in the last years and current catastrophes like in Japan even strengthen the worldwide awareness for the protection of the environment. In our following literature review, we stated the reasons for the present development of green technologies, defined the term GT and pointed out the importance of innovations and their promotion in this sector. To solve the global problem of climate change and resource scarcity, common and individual measures have to be conducted in order to prevent long-term consequences for the world and its people. A major part of this work is dealing with the promotion of electronic mobility (e-Mobility) and how the world community is trying to force the development of this promising technology. Moreover, strengths, weaknesses and opportunities, threats are presented according to this groundbreaking industry which is supposed to change global market conditions sustainably. Key word: Green technology, Innovation, e-Mobility, Sustainability, Electric Vehicles (EVs) The Green Movement The reason for the green movement was a developed industrial society, the crisis in relations between human society and surrounding natural environment. The rapid growth of production, especially in the 1950-1960s was dictated primarily by the interests of economy for profit or political considerations (increasing the power of the states). In basis of the universal race was production for production and consumption for the sake of consumption. The company, regardless of its form of ownership, will always seek profit increasing, paying no attention to external costs (infrastructure, services, damage, destruction and repair) .The gap between the decisions on production, consumption and public expenditure generated at all levels tend to maximize, e.g. the maximum number of individual needs which are satisfied by the maximum number of items. As a result we have endanger human life and health from water, air and soil pollution by industrial and domestic waste, the destruction of many natural resources. The emerging number of effects that threat the ecological balance (greenhouse gases, global climate change, reduction of ozone layer, catastrophic erosion of soils, etc.) The ecological crisis that we face today wrote Murray Bookchin, an American environmentalist ultimately calls into question the ability of the Earth to support the development of life forms. Modern society is literally destroying all the work done by organic evolution.(Bookchin, 1991). Modern society is literally destroying all the work done by organic evolution. The issue of the nuclear weapon and energy gave the immediate impetus to the design and dissemination of the Green movement. The economy growth in 1960s was accompanied by a rapid buildup of nuclear power plants; nuclear programs in leading countries were further strengthened after the oil crisi s in the West region in 1973-1974. These subjects were considered as the sphere of competence of state military and energy policy, and because public opposition to nuclear development is directly facing the population and altruistically minded enthusiasts with the authorities and led to a radicalization of the movement. Those days popular slogan was: Better to be active than radioactive. The impact of nuclear energy and consequences can easily be seen these days: Chernobil in 1986, Fukusima in 2011 and many other incidents. In 1971, in North America the most known environmental organization Green Peace was formed. Originally, it took up the problems of nuclear tests of the USA, but has gradually extended the activity for the whole world and to a wide range, up to protection of biological kinds, waste, etc. The basic tactics of Green Peace is to draw attention of the public and the mighty ones of this world to different questions related to ecological problems. Nowadays, the green market is growing quickly and steadily, even compared to the economic environment market. Since 2008, the world economy shows the signs of the downturn, but green market remarkably grows. Dubai Chamber of commerce and industry organizations indicates that global market for environmental products will double by 2020. That shows vast opportunities for business. Change in mind of the global population In general, every single person in this planet needs to green if they want a better future for the next generations. Eventually, we will run out of carbon based fuels and we need to change to renewable sources. But in reality its just developed countries need and care about green technology and the ones without oil resourses. For example, Afghanistan, Gaiti, Tadzhikistan and about seventeen countries in Africa are experiencing food scarcity. There are revolutions in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. So probably going green its last thing they have in mind right now. But its a huge visible progress in Europe. Big taxes on oil encouraged carmakers to manufacture fuel-efficient vehicles, most of the countries signed KYOTO protocol, agreeing to reduce greenhouse emissions to a certain point, recycling, usage of wind and solar power sources. So any country which wants to reach economical sustainability, is switching to green technologies. European Union or any other state can come up with laws and restrictions, but we have just one atmosphere. So we have to make it economic , so that all people and all nations will have a profitable outcome . Energy is the mother of all markets. These days, many customers looking for a green product and retailers can lose them if they dont care about the environment. Most of them prefer green products from electric or hybrid car to reusable bags in supermarkets.The benefits of green technologies are obvious, especially when it comes to energy: population health, saving and making money, independence of some countries , sustainable economy, less political tensions and suspension of global warming. The term Green Technology has been developed in last 5 years, which describes industries promoting a value of innovations that benefit the environment. There is a time, when panic is an appropriate response.(Eugene Kleiner, 2007). And we reached that time. We are facing catastrophic and irreversible consequences. . Global warming is a problem that is connected to difficult issues such as poverty, economic development and population growth. Hundreds of millions of people around the world are already affected by water shortages, crop failures, and tropical diseases, flooding and extreme weather events-conditions that are probably going to be worse due to the global warming. We need green technology to change the impact on environment. And demand for it grows worldwide. So there are real chances to take a place in a given niche in the case of being engaged in this business right now. It requires a big investment for the companies, but return appears to be high. By switching to GT we will build better future for our children and also its a way to save and make money. Green technology What is green technology? Green technology is aiming at the usage of reusable natural resources for energy production. Target is to develop different ways to produce energy so that natural resources does not deplete. Green technology combines different methods and technologies for continuing evolving new solutions. Main areas for interest in green technology are sustainability, re-use ability, source reduction, innovation and viability. (Green technology 2010). Nowadays almost every company has products those have influences from green technology. Product life cycle, energy consumption, materials and product extermination are in important role when product ecological quantities are evaluated. The economical crisis has decreased temporary energy consumption and travelling. Bad thing is that at the same time investments for developing energy efficiency has decreased. This has negative long term influence of carbon dioxide emissions. (Vesa Laisi Vacon 2010). Fig.1: Capital Costs of Generating Technologies in 2009 Figure 1 shows capital costs of different energy production methods. One of the most important parts of green technology is energy production but there is also another important area of interest. For example construction industry tries to decrease energy consumption of buildings. New building regulations ensures green way to build houses. Also tax policy aims to lower energy consumption. Easy way for normal people to support ecological way to live is to buy products that are manufactured with the methods that have smallest impact on the environment. (Energy information administration 2010). Why is green technology important? All the time more and more consumers, investors and companies are interested in green technology. According to many studies ozone layer has decreased and now people woke up to worry about the future. World population increase force also to search new renewable energy sources because fossil energy sources cant fill future energy need. Fig.2: Clean Technology Figure 2 shows different areas where clean technology has been used. Consumers can reduce global warming by choosing materials and energy sources those have manufactured by green ways. (Clean Edge 2011). Capital investments for green technology have increased in first quarter of this year over 65%. (Dudley 2010). U.S.A is the biggest investor to clean technology. European countries have very positive attitude about green technology but investments are not so big. China is also a big factor when we are talking in clean technology. China has lot of old industry and pollutions are huge. Reasons why interest of green technology has increased so dramatically is the knowledge that fossil energy sources are running out and climate change. Fossil energy sources are very important for industrialized countries. In Finland nuclear power, waterpower and bio fuel are common energy production methods. Future energy questions are big and it is possible that those problems cant be resolved only with renewable energy sources. One main thing is to increase energy efficiency and this is segment where the smallest clean technology companies want offer solution. Improving energy efficiency helps to decre ase expenses because natural resources will be used less. (Linnainmaa 2007). Research has developed from innovative visions to serious business. Now green technology is many directors agenda in multinational companies and small innovative companies those main target is growth. Nowadays, it is lot of easier to get risk investment support and that help small innovative companies implement their strategy efficiently. Who uses green technology? Interest groups and target groups Green technology end users are consumers and industry companies. Consumers can use green technology for example house heating systems. Solar panels have been developed to potential option for summer cottage energy source. Solar panels manufacturing costs has decreased and that is big factor that help consumers to choose that option. Also use of ground heat systems has increased. One big negative issue about this option is expensive investments costs. Some countries support consumers to choose this heating system. Consumers can pay fewer taxes if they invest in this technology. Fig.3: Green is the next wave in flat panel displays Figure 3 shows how green technology has increased in flat displays. After year 2014 all displays contains energy saving functions and components are manufactured by green technologies. In 2008 most of developing work has been done and after that use of those methods has increased dramatically. Nowadays it is easy for consumer to choose products that were manufactured with green technology. Many products give information about to manufacturing method in their label. e.g. every food has mark in the label if it has been manufactured in a natural way. Industry uses green technology for example energy sources. Also choosing raw materials those have manufactured with green technology help to decrease pollutions. The development of better filters has decreased pollution in industry. One negative issue is that filters are very expensive and make competition situation unfair between e.g European and Chinese companies those dont often use that king of filters because there is not so strict legislation. Green Technology as Part of Sustainable Development Green Technology describes any application of science, knowledge or technology towards improving the relationship between human technology involvement and the impact this has on the environment and natural resources. Green technology is a category, in that it can cover many different parts of technology and human development (energy, computer and agriculture). Environmental technology is the conservation of the environmental sciences, and to decrease the negative impacts of human acts. (Green Technology 2010) Its main goals are: Sustainability Creating products that can be re-used. Change the patterns of production and consumption for reducing the waste. Developing alternatives in order to improve health and environment. Environmental degradation is worsened by extensive use of environmentally hazardous mass production technologies and use of fossil sources of energy which emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere contributing to the greenhouse effect and pollution. Only a thorough reassessment and reorganization of global development, when a central role would be given to mass transition to green technologies and intensive rather than extensive consumption, could guarantee optimistic prospects for future generations. Enterprise needs reciprocal commitment of all countries to contribute to the solving of global environmental problems according to their capacities, which could be increased through exchange of knowledge and green technologies among the countries. Green technology is a method or practical application of knowledge from environmental science to conserve the natural environment and resources, and to alleviate the negative impacts of human activity. It is called to contribute to sustainable development. It is for sure that usage of oil, gas, and coal as main sources of energy undermines the ability of future generations to use these finite sources of energy. (IPU 2009). Among traditional types of environmentally friendly renewable sources of energy, there are other technologies which contribute to global green energy balance: Biofuel: Obtained from lifeless or living biological material. It is similar to fossil fuels, which are produced from biological material. Ethanol: Esay to manufacture and process and can be made from common agricultural feedstock such as corn, potato, sugar cane etc. Anaerobic digestion: Various processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material without oxygen and is widely used to treat wastewater. It is commonly used as a renewable energy source because the process produces a methane and carbon dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production helping replace fossil fuels. The ability to pursue an environmentally friendly shift to green technology and intensive consumption is being procrastinated by the latest 2009 world financial crisis. It greatly undermined the perspectives of long-term sustainable development. It has put the economic issues on top of the world agenda at the expense of other unresolved urgent problems of the modern globalized era. The fact is that the worst problems are highly conspicuous in poor and developing countries whose dramatic population growth makes it harder for the government to preserve states manageability, not even mentioning their weak incentives to address such abstract long-term issues like global warming. (UN 1992). In order to give a better understanding of ecological sustainable development, examples of two Asian countries are being stated below: South Korea South Korea announced a green action plan and laid out a budget of $84 billion to support it, which will help cut car emissions and improve the energy efficiency of buildings and houses. This is expected to make the country a green nation in the recent years. The aim is to become one of the worlds 7th most competitive country in 10 years in terms of energy efficiency and ability to adapt to climate change, according to a presidential statement. The country also plans to create 1.81 million new jobs. Kwon Tae Shin, said that reducing greenhouse gas emissions initiative will serve as a growth engine to drive the country to greater times. South Korean government will develop international markets for LEDs, solar cells and hybrid cars. CO2 emissions will also from part of the new strategy and will be implemented next year, said official sources. India Major industrial private sector firms formed an Alliance for Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE ), This alliance pretend to save 2,000 MW of energy by next year by promoting energy efficiency measures in homes and businesses. Also, India will form a National Environmental Protection Authority (NEPA) as a part of the country initiatives. Aims to intensify the authority of Indian environmental agencies, improve public information and transparency, demonstrate progress in environmental compliance and enforcement. Also, India has in place an eco-labeling scheme called Ecomark for identification of environmentally-friendly products. The mark is awarded to consumer goods that meet different environmental criterias (encompasses raw material extraction, manufacturing and disposal). (Shukla 2010). IV. Promotion of green technology innovation Climate change has been on an increase and proving to be a monster since the beginning of the 20th century. In the process, it has lead to global warming a; phenomena where high levels of carbon dioxide ratio exceed normal. This has resulted in increasing temperature of the earth ´s surface air and big water masses. During this time, the Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007), reported that the earth surface temperature increased out of proportion and may go further between 1.1 to 6.4 °C in the 21st century, and the finger was pointed at increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, mainly from man-made activities such as deforestation, miss-handling of the eco-system and burning of fossil fuel. For that matter, there is need for an emergency management perspective. In this management, there should be utilities for guidance and management in response to global climate change. There are many risks and vulnerabilities related to global climate change. These utilities should address these risks and vulnerabilities and combine the greens peace and the policy makers while providing a base to accommodate this need. Although this is the idea, the techniques for drawing the policies should not be undermined, since they have a potential of big challenges and disaster. The goal is to enhance policy making at all levels to be equal in order to develop a more consistent approach to combat the challenges of climate change and global warming. ( Schneider 2011). Although tackling the problem of climate change, includes a lot of challenges, there is a way forward; the Kyoto global agreement on climate change (Kyoto protocol) where, these challenges are sought to be handled. This protocol also assesses international proposals forwarded by academics and the international community. Despite its effort, there has been little achieved, yet the main issues have to be addressed. These issues include emission reduction targets for developed countries; the nature and extent of actions to limit emissions quarters of countries and its funding with an aim to reduce it. (Howes 2009). Developed countries have quarters of emission aimed at reducing emissions by 20% by 2020. One of the most positive way is to go green, which requires agility, determination and responsive in innovation. This implies that, the average emissions growth should be 1.5% by 2020. Kyoto also knows that this is an ambitious reform by developed countries despite the support of international community funding to developing country, in order for them to mitigate. (Howes 2009). Global approach Michael Zammit, United Nations climate official agrees that there is a non-consensus agreement between Europe and the USA on archiving the goal of emission reduction as specified by the Kyoto treaty. Instead of individual contribution, USA evading with helping poor countries in emissions reduction were as Europe advocates for the countries responsible for the emissions should be forced to reduce it at home. He also points out that, in this gigantic economic and political change, they should have a limit and control of greenhouse gas emissions in order to fulfil the Kyoto commitments. There for there is need for innovation of green technology. (UNFCCC 1999). Sining C. Cuevas (2011) suggests that, there should be adaptive measures on how to carry out a system that is affected by climate change. He devised a three dimensions model consisting of climate change, eco-system vulnerabilities and risks involved. He identified that climate change occurs in four different nature; intensity, variability, frequency, and quantity. This was all driven by social-economic, bio-physical, technological, and organisation means, were as the risks oriented more on income, diversity, health, mortality rate, and infrastructure risks. Although his findings give an understanding of gears that drive climate change, they are still crude to implement. Support measurements for green technology innovation Some countries are seriously embarking and subsidising green technology. For instance, China announced plans to help the growth of green technology green technology at home. It launched its financial strategy towards the end of 2008 and parting a big portion to green technology and renewable energy. Its aggressiveness in green technology reached its climax in 2009 when it injected a lot of resources to help the 1.3 Billion people with energy. These government subsidies are targeting clean energy vehicles, steel mill, development of solar and wind power in order to help develop the green technology industry. These come in form of reduced price in production which is further transfer cheaply to the consumer. (Leonardo Academy). Marketing and value communication The European Community (EC) together with the European Union (EU) has responsibilities and have obliged with the Kyoto Protocol. They have participated and contributed to the Kyoto Protocol although they sometimes tend to be non-compliant with their obligations. This prompted for a massive investment in innovation in green technology in the European Community (EC); as a result, they reduced their emission by 8% share under their obligations of EU Member States. For this reason, they dismiss the idea of redistributed of burden-sharing agreement since innovative technology, if done right, will cater for the emission-reduction target. (Schiele 2010). An empirical investigation made by Dr. Omid Sabbaghi (2011) on behaviour of Green Exchange-Traded Funds on returns and volatility factor, showed that, market-wide green returns accumulation were more pronounced in the year 2005 up to 2008 and is still promising. The need to go to green technology was still advocated for in the green stock returns. Although this is the case, some of the green technologies still have to improve its cost and the public awareness of it availability and necessity is important. Despite these issues many organisations are embarking on undertaking the idea forward in order to rip the benefits of green technology. Moreover, companies associated in environmental projects are hitting sky high with their stocks. In United States, investment in companies undertaking environmental projects in wind farms, solar parks and bio-fuel plants was $91.9 billion on top of the original $145 billion. The message is getting louder. The presence of more green technology may guarantee more investment. (Invesco Power Shares 2010) Fig. 4: Investment in green technology Green technology comes with additional un-intentional benefits. For instance, while in the design and production process, the material and design is targeted to future recycling; products meet environmental objectives. This in turn reduces the resource cost and the future price for the same product. Not only resource benefits, but also but it stimulate innovation in order to merge the future technology and the current renewable resources consequently there is less damage to the environment. Furthermore green technology attracts economic activity in products and the technology that makes them, beneficial in the global environment. (World Green). Furthermore, Leonidas C. Leonidou (2011), studied the growth of green advertising around the world between the period of 1988-2007. He realised that, the trend was favouring the green advertisements although, his target was regarding consumer goods. This is because green advertisements are more domestic rather than international. Elham Rahbar, Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, (2011) supported his findings when they made a study on determinants of effects on green marketing tools on consumers actual purchase behaviour in Penang (Malaysia). They realised that there was more trust in eco-label and eco-brand by the customers. Furthermore, there was a hug customers perception of this brand; a very big encouragement for green technology. Promoting e-Mobility The global attitude towards the environment and the impact of human being on the global equilibrium is changing. Not only since the subjective impression of an increased amount and strength of natural catastrophes and the current happenings in northern Japan, people all over the world feel that the world population cant go on with its handling of the planet. After the scientific proof of the harmful correlation between carbon dioxide and world climate, industries with huge pollutant emissions have to find ways coping with this problem. One of the biggest sources of pollution is the global car traffic which is responsible for 17% of global CO ² emissions without pollution resulting out of production processes. Additionally, it is expected that this expulsion will increase in developing countries from 30% in 2006 up to 45% in 2030. (UNEP 2009) But not only because of this reason its important to re-think the car industry. External factors which have significant influence on the branch endanger the former success of global car manufacturers today and in the future. The problem of rising oil prices, their finite nature and global governmental interference actions force the automotive industry to find new ways of mobility. Therefore, the various global players and even some small start-ups started an incomparable innovation process creating ideas for a new era of automobile. Out of numerous concepts including gas, biofuel, hydrogen and electricity, the power train with electrical energy delivered best results regarding practicability, efficiency and sustainability. Using this technology, there evolved several new innovators next to established corporations and introduced the first electrical cars on regional markets. The US based company Tesla Motors was one of them having the idea to interconnect hundreds of laptop batteries in their Tesla Roadster in order to assure a range of over one hundred kilometers. In order to get rid of the dependency of oil, countries all over the world started national investment plans in this field with extensive subsidy policies spreading from USA over Europe up to China because no one wants to lose the lead in this strategic field. The opportunities are tremendous reshuffling the whole market with an expected total market volume of $80 to $120 billion in North America, Europe and Asia by 2030 provided that electric vehicles (EV) get a share of 5 to 10 percent. (Gao, Wang, Wu 2008: 2). This development can contribute significantly to a reversal of global emission amounts caused by passenger vehicles. Under a no-action scenario and further growth of conventional power trains, the passenger vehicle pollution will increase by over 50 percent until 2030 mainly due to the booming Asian region. Quite contrary to this, there are three possible trends according to McKinsey demonstrated in figure 1: Firstly, a rapid transition towards an electric powered world would decrease emissions by 49 percent. Secondly, the optimization of present engine technology could reduce emissions up to 42 percent. Thirdly, a more balanced mix of technologies could lower emissions by 47 percent (GreenCarCongress 2009). The last scenario is currently the most likely one. Fig.5: Global passenger vehicle CO ² emissions and abatement potential On the way towards wholly emission free engines in vehicles, there are interim solutions using different types of systems as isolated applications: (IEA 2008: 1-4) Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine conventional gasoline engines with a battery component which allows electric drives for a limited speed and range. Therefore, an improved fuel economy especially in stop and go traffic situations is guaranteed. The first mass producer of hybrid cars has been Toyota with its Prius model which is proving technical practicability under daily routine conditions. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are an evolutionary form of HEVs because one can plug them into the electricity grid when the vehicle is parking. The built-in battery has a higher capacity and allows a higher speed maximum using the combustion engine as a range extender. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) using only electric power are the aim of every manufacturer in their research and development. Currently, the biggest problem is hereby the battery technology which is not allowing wide ranges. The Tesla Roadster solved these problems with existent technical components at first. All three types of new concepts are leading the way towards a greener future. Both hybrid cars improve the fuel efficiency and therefore the demand for oil but the biggest problem is still the purchase price which is still so high because the battery costs contribute much. Figure 6 shows the comparison between a combustion engine and an electric power train using different categories. Although the price per mile is lower by more than 20 percent, problems occur in range and the recharging. Moreover, the power is switching away from the OPEC cartel towards utility companies providing the energy for the age of eMobility. Fig.6: Electric vs. Gasoline Taking the environmental impact into account, electric drivetrains are not equivalent to zero emissions and environmental friendliness. To measure this, the well-to-wheel consideration has been developed including also the emissions generated by producing the fuel. For EV this means considering the pollution produced when generating the electric power in plants. (Hensley, Knupfer, Pinner 2009: 93). In countries like Germany, China and the United States this will often be coal whereas Denmark and Northern California could use wind power which is oftentimes not used during low demand times like at night when EVs are normally charged. Due to a test of BMW with its Mini EV, 98 percent of the test customers using this vehicle want to have renewable energy sources produced by solar, water and wind. (Seiwert [2] 2010: 2). Another important aspect

Stocks Essay -- Business, Investment, Portfolio Information

In this study, we would measure an investor’s experience as closely as possible. Therefore, in a portfolio formation, we assume an investor who follows reported insiders trading information and at the end of each month, he forms his portfolio by including all stocks that have been traded by insiders in the same month. After that he gives equal weights to each stock in his portfolio. He keeps each stock in his portfolio for X months following insiders’ trades. Furthermore, he rebalances his portfolio every month to drop all stocks that have completed X months in the portfolio and add all stocks that have been just executed. For example, if X equals to three, the portfolio of January 2008 includes all stocks with insiders’ trades in November 2007, December 2007 or January 2008. There is higher change for multiple observations on the same firm in the portfolio that occur within X months of the initial observation, for example, an insider buys stocks of firm B in January 1, 2007 and another insider buys stock of firm B in March 1, 2007. Hence, in the March 2007 portfolio, firm B will have double weight in the portfolio compared to other firms. To overcome this problem, we would consider a number of firms in a portfolio not a number of trades. By following a number of firms in the portfolio, we would provide equal weights to each company, not each trade. The measurement of performance of the portfolio A central empirical issue to measure the performance of any portfolio condition on any event is to control all other factors that may produce excess returns except a particular event. Therefore, we require a model that seems to capture much of the cross-sectional variance in average stock returns. (Fama and French, 1998). We... ...ion model would be ã€â€"IAbã€â€"_bt-ã€â€"TAã€â€"_bt=ÃŽ ±_ +ÃŽ ²(R_(m,t)-R_(f,t) )+ÃŽ ¨Ã£â‚¬â€"SMBã€â€"_t+ã€â€"ÃŽ ³HMLã€â€"_t+ÃŽ »Ã£â‚¬â€"MOMã€â€"_t+ ÃŽ µ_t (7) In similar way, to test the extent to which insiders’ sell of intangible assets companies earn less profit than those in tangible assets, we would follow equation (8). In the equation (8), the dependent variable is the difference between the calendar –time portfolio return of tangible assets and intangible assets(ã€â€"TAã€â€"_s-ã€â€"IAã€â€"_s). For example, for Jun 2007 month portfolio, ã€â€"IAã€â€"_s, is equal weighted average return for all intangible assets companies whose insiders were net buyers between January 2007 and Jun 2007 , over ã€â€"TAã€â€"_s is equal weighted average return for all tangible assets companies whose insiders were net sellers between January 2007 and Jun 2007. The regression model would be ã€â€"IAã€â€"_st-ã€â€"TAã€â€"_st=ÃŽ ±_ +ÃŽ ²(R_(m,t)-R_ft )+ÃŽ ¨Ã£â‚¬â€"SMBã€â€"_t+ã€â€"ÃŽ ³HMLã€â€"_t+ÃŽ »Ã£â‚¬â€"MOMã€â€"_t+ ÃŽ µ_t (8)

Mending Wall Essay -- essays research papers

In â€Å"Mending Wall†, Robert Frost made us aware that something doesn’t love the wall in the beginning of the poem, the wall that symbolizes boundary and obstacle between people. Although this restrictive wall gives protection and a feeling of safety for the people who are inside it, it also creates a huge barrier to the people who are on the outside. The only difference between a physical wall and an imaginary barrier is that a physical wall will eventually fall apart as time goes by, but the emotional one on the other hand will only get bigger. Does Frost agree with his neighbor on the perspective of relationship between people, or do they each hold a different idea?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the poem, Frost and his neighbor had a relatively short conversation. We can see that there is a sense of separation between them. Frost rarely talks to his neighbor, and the only time they ever have a chance to communicate is when they are repairing the fences. This lack of communication and understanding gradually builds up an invisible barrier between them. This invisible barrier that stands between keeps them separate. Even when they are working together fixing the wall, they are staying one on a side of the wall. It seems that Frost enjoys working with his neighbor separately when he says â€Å"Oh, just another kind of outdoor game, one on a side†. However Frost also gives us a feeling that there is other meaning to it. A game very often symbolizes a competition, or a fight. We c...

Polymer Chains

Name: Jeff Chudakoff Partners: Alejandra Garcia Date: 2 December 2011 TA: Mengbin Chen Skill Building Exercise #2 Answer the following questions: 1. What does it mean when a polymer is crosslinked? Crosslinked is one manner in which monomers link together. In this method, separate polymer chains are connected via bonds between the individual polymer chains. 2. We discussed how polymer linking and structure contribute to its properties. How would you expect the density, elasticity, and rigidity of a polymer that is branched to compare to one that is linear?I would expect the density of the linear polymer to be much higher than the density of the branched polymer, which I would expect to have low density. The branched structure, though, would be more elastic than the linear structure. The linear polymer would be expected to have more rigidity than the branched structure. 3. Consider the following polymer: a. Identify and draw the chemical formula of the monomer from which this polymer is made of. Clearly explain the criteria you used to identify the monomer. State how many carbons, oxygens, and hydrogens can be found in one monomer of this polymer. This is the monomer. C2H4O) In this monomer there are two carbons, four hydrogens, and one oxygen. I identified this as the monomer by looking for the repeating component of the polymer. b. This polymer is hydrophilic. Give a plausible reason for this behavior. Your explanation should be based on the molecular structure of the polymer, the molecular structure of water, and the interactions between molecules of these two substances. You should use terms such as polarity, polar bond, charge, interactions, attractions, repulsions or hydrogen bonds. However, you should use only those terms that apply to this situation.The polymer is surrounded by hydrogens via hydrogen bonds between the hydrogens and the carbons. This is a polar bond, resulting in hydrogen being relatively positively charged. Water molecules are also polar molecules. The oxygen has a relatively negative charge and, thus, would interact with the polymer. There would be attraction between the oxygen of the water and the hydrogens of the polymer, characterizing a hydrophilic property of the polymer. 4. Nylons are named with two numbers. c. What do the 6 and 10 represent in the name of your product?The 6 and 10 represent the number of carbons in the two polymer chains that are connected to construct the nylon. The first chain [N(CH2)6N] has six carbons, while the second [C(CH2)8C] has ten carbons. d. Draw the structure of nylon 5-12. 5. We did not calculate the percent yield for our nylon synthesis because we did not have time to fully dry the product, but it is an important aspect of synthesis. Another difficulty is that the polymer chain length can be variable, so the molecular weight of the monomer is used. e. Assume you began with exactly 20. 00 mL of each reactant.What is the limiting reagent? Show your work. 20. 00mL ? 1L1000mL ? 0 . 5mol1L=0. 01mol Hexamethylenediamine 20. 00mL ? 1L1000mL ? 0. 2mol1L=0. 004mol Sebacic Acid Since the mole ratio is 1:1, the one with less is the limiting reactant. Therefore, Sebacic Acid is the limiting reactant. f. What is the theoretical yield in grams of Nylon 6-10? The mole ratio is 1:1; so, we would expect to get the same amount of moles as the limiting reactant (0. 004mol) of Nylon 6-10. 0. 004mol Sebacoyl chloride ? 1 mol 6-10 nylon monomer1 mol Sebacoyl chloride? 282. 42g1mol 6-10 nylon monomer=1. 13 grams 6-10 nylon

Evolution of the Concept of Childhood: Evidence from Children’s Literature Essay

Zohar Shavits discussion of the developing of the conceit of childishness takes into consideration the publications that has been highly-developed for children. Shavits goal was to explain how the thought of puerility evolved as it is ushern along the lines of childrens literature. This essay will attempt to leave behind criticism regarding the manner by which Shavit argued his case. localise and attention will be towards the development of the transmission line. Furthermore, each section of Shavits clause will be analyzed and critiqued in terms of how it contributed to the strength of the authors argument. Shavit begins his obligate by discussing the beginnings of the figure of childhood. He set forth how up until the seventeenth degree centigrade, children lived in an handsome world and were not considered as transparent from their adult counter subtracts. (Shavit, 318) In new(prenominal)(a) words, the world had no pattern of what a child was. Every aspect of a childs animation was that of an adult as well. He cited various reasons for much(prenominal) including the fact that there was a risque mortality rate among children and the poor choice of children during the time. more(prenominal)over, children did not really enjoy a childhood as it is now delimitate for early in life, they were made to do things that adults do.Some marry at a very tender age speckle otherwises are thrust into a working life. (Shavit, 318) Shavit past discussed how in the seventeenth century the unity in the midst of the lives of adults and children shifted to polarization. (Shavit, 319) He described how children began to develop their accept way of life including the emergence of clothing and educational games. (Shavit, 319) Basically, at this time, a distinction between adults and children began to be established. The concept of childhood developed push through of the polarization between the adults and the childs world. Shavit moved on to discuss ing the emergence of childrens literature specifically to meet the new educational need of children as defined by the comprehend need to mold children who were seen as easy creatures. (Shavit, 320) Having established how childrens literature emerged, Shavit then discussed the maturation of the one of the most unremarkably analyzed childrens tales, Little rubicund horseback riding bully. He discussed how the narration evolved bonny as the conception of childhood evolved as well. Shavits main argument and the dissertation of his article is that the concept of childhood and its developing through time shapes the literature that has been developed for children. Basically, as the concept of childhood is adapted so is the literature for children. Shavits thesis is quite public. His analysis lies along the general lines. (Shavit, 317) Furthermore, based on his thesis, one trick see that the evolution and hi bilgewater of both(prenominal) the concept of childhood and of child rens literature are necessary elements of his argument. As such, in order to prove his thesis, Shavit had to lay mess the history of the concept of childhood and how childrens literature emerged from the development of the concept. Shavits argument is well structured. He lay elaborate the foundation of his argument by providing historical insights in both the concept of childhood and of childrens literature. From this foundation, Shavit was fitting to show the race between childrens literature and the evolution of children in society. More importantly, this foundation was organic in his discussion of the master(a) showtime for readers are adequate to(p) to relate the concept of childhood in the text with the scholarship of childhood in society at the time the text was published. Shavits article moves on along a time line making it pellucid and sound. Shavit utilise an analysis of the text, Little red locomote Hood to demonstrate how the concept of childhood evolved. Mo re importantly, Shavit used a semblance between devil versions of the text to show that a contrariety in the conception of childhood existed between the cardinal diametric time periods. Shavit compared Perraults version with that of The Brothers Grimm in order to illustrate how the concept of childhood influences the story.He quoted both versions to demonstrate how the devil differed in particular parts of the story. For instance, Shavit quoted Perraults and The Brothers Grimms versions to show the difference between the two particularly in the part where the grandmothers love is evince in the story. (Shavit, 330) Shavit did no divert from each text and ensured that both were properly quoted.Shavits use of the quotations was specifically for the purpose of video display the difference of the two versions in demonstrating family ties in the text. Other than for such purpose, Shavit fai lead to utilize the immemorial texts. Shavits arguments could have been strengthened by m ore use of the primary sources. Although he was able to extensively compare the two texts, he was not able to fall in readers appreciate the comparison since he insufficiently quoted the two versions.Shavit likewise compared the endings of the two versions of the story. He noted that the difference in endings led to a change in the nub and moral of the story. (Shavit, 329) The moral of Perraults story was intended for the gentlemen since it emphasized the wolf. On the other hand, the Brothers Grimms version stresses Little cherry Riding Hoods learn a lesson. (Shavit, 329) The difference in endings hence provides evidence that the two versions were intended for distinct audiences. Shavits discussion entailed the use of two versions of the Little Red Riding Hood to show how the concept of childhood evolved. However, as mentioned earlier, Shavit failed to utilize the texts adequately. Instead of quoting the texts, Shavit used his own perception and analysis to demonstrate the diff erence in the two versions. In other words, Shavits arguments lacked sufficient backing from primary sources. In his recount of the history of the concept of childhood, Shavit failed to cite sources for his descriptions. He mainly utilized his own descriptions and understanding of history in his explanations. In his discussion of the two concepts of childhood that emerged in society, he failed to cite sources for it.His explanations were logical and easily understood. However, without enough evidence from sources, a shadow of doubt is seemingly peal over the authenticity and daring of his arguments. His arguments may be seen as subjective for he was unable to use historical sources. Shavits comparison of Perrault and The Brothers Grimms versions of Little Red Riding Hood were very extensive. He was able to cover several elements of the story including tone and ending. However, he was unable to justify most of his comparisons by quoting the texts. In general, Shavit was able to s how how the concept of childhood evolved. He was able to demonstrate how a dissimilar concept of childhood emerged in Perraults and The Brothers Grimms versions. More importantly, he was able to show that at the two variant times, children were thought of differently. In this light, Shavit was successful in proving his arguments but there is room for improvement. More historical sources will make Shavits arguments stronger and more sound. It will increase the validity of his statements.Works CitedShavit, Zohar. The Concept of Childhood and Childrens Folktales Test Case-Little Red Riding Hood. The Classic Fairy Tales. Ed. mare Tatar. Norton, 1999. 317-332.