Exploratory research

Exploratory look forExploratoryExploratory research is usually carried out when problem is non well identified or it has not been visibly desexualized as yet, or its real scale is as yet un go across. It allows the research individual to find out the cultivation as much as possible relating to a specific problem. Exploratory research helps conclude the best research design, data collection methodtechnique and excerptchoice of subjects, and some(a)times it even concludesconcluderesults that the problem does not existbe present. Exploratory research is quite informalcasual, when it relying on secondary researches much(prenominal) as reviewing available literature, data, or qualitative approaches such as informal discussions with consumerscustomers, employees, management or competitorscompetitoropponents, and more formal approaches through in-depthin depth interviews, focus groups, projective methods, shimmy studies or pilot studies (Yin, 1994).ExplanatoryThis is a research sheath in which the primary goalobjective is to understand the naturetemperament or mechanisms of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. This approach is utilize when its is needful to show that one variable causescauses or determines concludes the value of other variable. This research is good to use when there is no clearunambiguous apprehension close what model that should be used and what qualities and relations that is bigsignifi guttert (Zikmund, 1994).descriptiveDescriptive research is used to obtainget breeding concerning the currentpresent status of the phenomena to pull outexplain what exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situationstate.Descriptive research is used when the objectivegoal is to provide a systematic commentary defination that is as occurrenceual and accurateexact as possible or when the problem is well structuredordered and there is no intentionobjective to investigate excogitate cause/ achievement relation. It provideprovidess you the number of occurrencestimes something occurshappens, or frequency, lends leads itself to statistical calculationscalculationcomputation such as determining calculating the average number of occurrences or central tendencies (Yin, 1994). One of its major limitationsrestrictions is that it hind end not help determineconclude what causes a specific occurrence, behavior, or motivation or occurrence. We can say thatIn other words, it cannot establishcreate a causal research relationship betweenamong variables.My research purpose and research head teacher reveal that this study is mainlyfor the most part exploratory. It is exploratory because the data has been cool through questionnaires and unstructured interviews and questionnaires to seek the issues that turn Pakistani comm unit of pulsationmenty intentions to adopt net income banking services. query glide pathThere atomic number 18 two basic types of research approaches, qualitative and quantitative . In the quantitative approach, resultsoutcomes are base on numbers and statistics and numbers that are presented in figures, whereas in the qualitative approach where focus lies on describing an eventoccurrence with the use of words.Although this research on adoption of Internet banking services adoption in Pakistan is not genuinely extensive as compared to discussiondebate of the benefits, most of the concepts in this study hand over been occasionallyrarely examined before, but mostlygenerally in the western context. Only a littleslight research covers usually Singapore, Hong Kong or China, which are very developed economies and not representativeenvoys of all Asian countries. Thusso to gain deeper understanding of the issues in the Pakistani context, this research is conducted as a qualitative study to explore the perception of internet banking in Pakistani community.The Usinge of this approach provides richer and forensic detailsparticulars for exploring viewpoints in the ear ly stage of research. Hence the aimintend is not to grow any simplification, but kinda establishset up a closer contact with the objectives of priorpreceding research, which intend direct it in mind to provide us a deeper understanding of the participants attitudes and perceptions. Finally my intentionobjective with this research is to describe, and explore, and find complete and en big information about the issues of Internet banking adoption in Pakistan, so quantitative qualitative approach is the most suitable method for my research.Research StrategyResearch scheme is a generalbroad plan which shows that in which wayhow this research depart go on, and how police detective person entrust answers the questions that has been set by the person conducting the researcher. It allow containhave clear objectives, derived from research question that specify the source from which researcher person intendbe going to to collect data and consider the constraintsconstraintlimitations th at research peopleers will inevitably have such as access to data like , time, location and money, ethical issues (saunders, 2000).Qualitative research can be conductedconductcarried out using severalquite a few strategies including fountain study, experiments, surveys, histories, and abridgment of archival information (Yin, 1994). Following are the short descriptionexplanation of above five research strategiesCase StudyCase study refers to the collection and launching of detailedthorough information about a particularspecific participant or small group of participants. A case study is a written descriptionexplanation of a problem or situation and typicallynormally examines the interplay of all variables in order tofor providinge ass complete an understanding of an event or situation as possible. Case study is favoredideal when the researcher has littleslight encounter over the events, and when there is a contemporaryup to date focus within a real life context. The purposeratio nale of a case study is to place participants in the reference of decision- makers, asking them to distinguish oppositeiate relevant from un essential facts, to identify central alternatives among severalnumerous issues competing for attention, and to formulateprepare strategies and policy recommendations (Yin, 1994).ExperimentsThe experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determinedecide if changes in one variable causeground changes in another(prenominal)(prenominal) variable. This method reliesdepends on controlled methods, random assignment, and the manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis. This strategy is used when the researcher person need to comparecontrast two variables and examine their cause and effect relationships (Malhorta, 1996).SurveyIts a research technique in which information is collectinged by interviews with a largehuge number of respondents using a pre-designed questionnaire (Zikmund, 1994). This research technique has three important ch aracteristicsPurpose The purpose of survey research is to generate quantitative descriptions of some characteristics of the existence in study. Survey analysis may be mainly associate either with associations between variables or with projecting results descriptively to a pre-defined creation (Yin, 1994). Basically Survey research is a quantitative approach, calling for standardized information about and/or from the subjects being studied. The subjects under study might be individuals, groups, organizations or communities they also might be projects, applications, or systems.Procedure The most important way of collecting information is by raising people structured and predefined questions. Answers of questions get togethern by people, which might refer to themselves or some other unit of analysis, comprises the data to be analyzed (Yin, 1994).Analyses Information is usually collected about except a portion of the population under study, but information is collected in such a w ay as to be able to take a broad view the whole population. Usually, the prove is huge bounteous to allow broad statistical analyses.HistoryThis method is deals with the past, and is in used when none of the relevantconcerning persons are alive to interview or report (Yin, 1994). This method is specificallyspecially used to describe the content, structure and function of the data which collected for the research.Analysis of Archival InformationThe purpose of this techniquemethod is to describeexplain the incidence or prevalencepervasiveness of a phenomenon (Zikmund, 1994). The use of the archival information is difficult when this topic is coming research area.The hounding table displaysdisplaydemonstrates the conditions that need to be addressed when determiningshaping on a strategy.Most importantsignificantconsiderable condition for selecting research strategy is to identifycategorize the type of research question being asked. Based on the research question what that I set for this research, I have elect to follow case study and survey research strategy, because this research is not dependentreliant on a single critical, extreme, uniqueexclusive or revelatory case.Sample SelectionSampling is a survey- based research where researcher persons needs to analyze the sample about a population toin order to answer the research questions or meetmeetsfulfill meet the research objectives (Saunders, 2000). formerly the problem has been carefullyvigilantly defined, the researcher person needs to establishset up the sample that will outlinesketch out the investigation to be carried out. It is necessary for researcher person to clearly define the target population from whom the specific sample will be taken. Sampling is importantsignificant if budget cost and time constraints preventstops research from surveying the entire population. Sample gives higher(prenominal) level of accuracy and fast accurate result.Occasionally, the whole population will be adequatelysuffici ently small, and the research person can take account of the entire population in the study. This kind of research is named a census study since data is collected on each member of the population.Generally, the population is quite large for the research person to attempt to survey the entire of its members. A small, but vigilantly chosen sample can be used to symbolize the population. The sample represents all of the characteristics of the population from which it is taken out.Sampling technique can be classified into two types (Saunders, 2000)Probability Sampling Non-Probability SamplingProbability take piece using In probability sampling, the sample is selectedion is done in such a way that each every unit of the population has a know probability of getting selected.within the population has a known chance of being selected. It is this conceptperception of known chance that allows permits for the statistical projection of characteristics features based on the sample tof the popul ation (Saunders, 2000). The benefit of probability sampling is that sampling error can be intended. Sampling error is the amount to which a sample might be incompatible from the population Probability method includes.Random samplingSystematic samplingStratified samplingNon-Probability Sampling While using In non- probability sampling, the selection of the sample is selected done in such a way that the chancepossibility of being selected offor each unit withinin the population is unknown. In deedfact, the selectionprocess of choosing of the subjects is random or subjective, since the researcher person relies on his/her experience, gut feeling and judgment. As a resultConsequently, there are no statistical techniquestechniqueprocedures that allowpermit for the measurement of sampling error, and the amount to which the sample variesdiffers from the population corpse unknown and therefore it is not appropriatesuitable to project the sample characteristicsdistinctiveness to the populati on (Saunders, 2000). Non-probability includesConvenience samplingJudgment samplingQuota samplingSnowball samplingConvenience samplingConvenience sampling is used in investigative research where the research person is concerned in getting a low-priced theme of the reality. As the name shows, the sample is chosen because they are convenient. This non-probability technique is time and again used during preliminary research times to get a gross approximation of the results, without increasing the cost or time required to choose a random sample (Saunders, 2000).Judgment samplingJudgment sampling is a honey oil non-probability technique. The research people choose the sample depending on judgmental approach. This is generally an addition of convenience sampling. For example, a research person may make a decision to draw the complete sample from one representative city, albeit the population comprises all cities. When using this method, the research person must be in no doubt that the sel ected sample is accurately representative of the whole population (Saunders, 2000).Quota samplingQuota sampling is the non-probability the same of separate sampling. comparable stratified sampling, the research people first-year recognizes the stratums and their magnitude as they are symbolized in the population. Then convenience or judgment sampling is used to choose the necessary quantity of subjects from every stratum. This diverges from stratified sampling, where all of the stratums are filled by random sampling (Saunders, 2000).Snowball samplingSnowball sampling is a special non-probability technique used when the preferred sample attribute is exceptional. It may be extremely difficult or unaffordable to find respondents in these situations. Snowball sampling depends on referrals from starting subjects to produce excess subjects. Whereas this technique can noticeably subvert the research costs, it comes at the cost of bringing in bias because this method by itself decreases the likelihood that the sample will symbolize a good cross-section from the population (Saunders, 2000).Sampling in qualitative research involves two actions (Miles and Huberman 1994)Setting of boundaries To define aspects of cases that we can study and connecting it forthwith to the research question.Creation of frame to help us uncover, confirm, or qualify the basic process or constructs that strengthen our studyNon-probability (convenience) sampling has been chosen for this research because we have targeted the Pakistani community which is dealing with the banks.Sampling procedureSamplingThe process of sampling involves using large number of items or parts of subsets of population to make conclusion regarding the whole population. The purpose of sampling is to estimate some unknown characteristics of population.PopulationPopulation is any complete set of group of object. Like people, stores, students, industries etc.Sampling frameA sampling frame is the listing of the elements from which the actual sample will draw. Keeping the research in view we will draw the sampling frame as under.Population is the people of Pakistan having bank accounts, we narrow down our study only to Punjab provinceSampling frame will be the major cities of Punjab like Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, and Sahiwal.Keeping in view the time and cost available for the research we have narrowed down the research only to iv major cities of Punjab.Data Collection MethodsAs data collection method is highly influenced by the methodology, which is chosen (Saunders and Thornhill, 2000), questionnaire are used to collect the thoughtfulnessal data for this research in order to identify the issues that affect the adoption of Internet banking services in Pakistan.As this researchs main concern is examining the issues that have influence on the adoption process of Internet banking in Pakistan, the questionnaire are designed based on the requirements for adopting such a serviceQuestionnaireThe quest ionnaire consists of three pages and twenty questions (Appendix A). It has divergent type of questions including open end question, close ended questions and multiple questions.It was designed to capture all the segments of community which uses the banking services.Validity and ReliabilityIn order to reduce the possibility of getting incorrect answers, attention needs to be paid to hardness and reliability (Saunders et al., 2003).ValidityValidity is concerned with whether the findings are really about what they appear to be about (Saunders et al., 2003). Validity defined as the degree to which data compilation method or methods correctly measure what they were anticipated to measure (Saunders et al., 2003). Yin (1994) stateys in these words, no singlesolo source has a completeabsolute advantage over all of the all others (P.85). The different sourcessources of different types are highly complementary, and as many sources as possible should be used for a good case study should use as many sources as possible. The usage of various sources of evidence can increases the rigorousness of scientific studyThe validity of a scientific study increases by using various sources of evidence (Yin, 1994).The following steps were taken to ensure the validity of this researchThe needed data was collected in the format of a structured questionnaire that had been designed based on the literature related to adoption of innovation. The questionnaires were pre-tested. A pilot test was conducted with the questionnaire.ReliabilityAccording to Saunders et al. (2003), reliability refers to the extent to which data collection method or methods will produce consistent results, analogous observations would be made or results reached by other research persons or there is clearness in how sense was made from the unprocessed data. Reliability can be assed by the following three questions Will the measure yield the same results on other occasions?Will other observers reach similar observat ion?Is there precision in the method how sense was made from the unprocessed data?The role of reliability is to minimize the errors and biases in a study (Yin (1994). This pith that reliability is to demonstrate that the operations of the study, such as the data collection procedures, can be tell with the same result. Saunders et al. (2003) asserts that there may be foursome little terrors to reliability. The first of these is subject of participant error, which means that a questionnaire may generate a different result at different times of the week. The second threat to reliability is subject or participant bias, which is when interviewees may have been saying what they thought their bosses, wanted them to say.Third, there may have been observer error that different interviewer may approach the questions in different ways. Finally, there may have been observer bias, which means that there may have been different approaches to interpreting the replies.The ply with this thesis started with a considerable literature study. The literature I came across (mainly articles) was from several authors and often had Internet banking and adoption of e-banking topics, which meant that I covered the area of Internet banking surroundings. This would suggest that bias, form reading only one author and reading only about one topic, be held at a minimum level. Widersheim-Paul and Eriksson (1997) describe some other erroneous belief that is to be avoided in order to attain high reliability. One of these is measuring error, which in turn consists of respondent errors, gauging errors and errors that are effect of interplay between the interviewer and the respondent. As I used a questionnaire, this latter error was avoided in advance.The respondent errors are such errors that are due to the fact that respondents sometimes are unable or unwilling to provide truthful answers. In order to minimize effects of this kind of errors, I found it necessary to be careful about the langu age and the wording.Furthermore, the use of wording in the questionnaire was of major concern to avoid ambiguous or emotional charged formulations. The chosen wording and language was simple, direct and as far as possible without technical terms.The gauging errors arise when a questionnaire entails erroneously formulated question, wrong order of question etceteras (Widersheim-Paul and Eriksson, 1997). The order of the questions was also subject to analysis and it was found to be suitable to have a disposition where the initial questioning concerned facts that the respondents easily could give an answer to.Numbers of different steps were taken to ensure the reliability of the studyCase studies were used during the data collection. The same type of questions were asked from companys respondent in order to increase the reliabilitySince the generalization is not the purpose of the study, multiple cases have been used to increase the degree to which the findings can be the same. It might be possible to get the same result on the findings to a larger number of similar cases.The theories that have been selected for the study were clearly described and research questions have been formulated based on the previous theory. Data has been collected based on the research model that was drawn from the discussed theories. The objective is to make sure that if another investigator will follow the same procedures and used the same case study objects, the same conclusions would be made.StudyA pilot test of the questionnaire was carried out. altogether the test respondents filled in the questionnaire and their opinions how they felt about filling in the questionnaire. The test was followed by many revisions, before it was sent to respondents. After refining some questions and items within the questions, the second pilot study was run and asked respondents to check for the wording, coverage, relevancy of the items listed within the questions. Finally, at this stage little modifi cations were needed and finally, the well-improved questionnaire was developed.By using these tools (reliability, validity and pilot study) I can further analyze the data that the respondents provided me in a more accurate way.Data AnalysisData analysis can be defined as consistingconsistent of three concurrent flowsflowstreams of activity data drop-off, data display and conclusion drawing/verification (p.10) by Miles Huberman (1994). Data reduction should not be considered thought to be separate from analysis, but a part portion of it. Data reduction stage of the analysis helps the researcher to make the data sorted, sharpen, sorted, focused, organized and discarded, and organized in order to be able to draw and verify conclusion (ibid.).The data reduction stage of the analysis helps the researcher to make the data sharp, sorted, focused, discarded, and organized in order to be able to draw and verify conclusions. The data display is a way to organize and adjure the reduced data so that it will make it easier to draw conclusions. This phase is useful when the researcher studies more than one case, a so-called multiple case. In the conclusion drawing and verification the researcher notes regularities, patterns, explanations, possible configurations, casual flows and propositions.Data analysis involves examining, categorizing, tabulating or otherwise recombining the collected data (Yin, 1994). Every investigation should have a general analytical strategy in order to determine what to analyze and why. Two general strategies are suggested. The researcher can either follow the theoretical propositions that led to the case study or develop a descriptive framework to organize the case study. Within these strategies, there are four different techniques for analyzing the collected data. The first is pattern matching, which means to compare an empirical based pattern with a predictable one.The second technique is explanation building, which refers to a kind of patte rn matching where the goal is to analyze the case study data by building an explanation about the case. The third is time-series analysis that refers to repeated measures of the dependent variable/variables in order to look at changes over time. The last technique is to use program logic models, which is a combination of pattern-matching and time-series analysis where the analysis specifies a complex chain of patterns over time.Data analysis of this thesis is based on the three steps defined by Miles Huberman (1994) i.e., data reduction, data display and conclusion. After completing the data collection I have organized the data for every case study based on the issues that has been selected from research model according to the research question and literature review.Within-case analysis I compared the findings of each case based on my research question and issues that selected from research model. Furthermore, I conducted a cross-case analysis to compare the different case study in order to find the resemblance and variation between the cases.